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Ruthenian nobility ((ポーランド語:szlachta ruska)) refers to the nobility of Kievan Rus and Galicia–Volhynia, which found itself in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and later Russian and Austrian Empires, and became increasingly polonized and later russified, while retaining a separate, cultural identity.〔〔〔〔 Ruthenian nobility, originally characterized as East Slavic language speaking and Orthodox,〔 found itself ruled by the expanding Grand Duchy of Lithuania, where it rose from second class status to equal partners of the Lithuanian nobility.〔 Following the Polish-Lithuanian union of the 14th century, the Ruthenian nobles became increasingly polonized, adopting the Polish language and religion (which increasingly meant converting from the Orthodox faith to Roman Catholicism).〔〔〔 Ruthenian nobility, however, retained a distinct identity within the body of the Polish-Lithuanian szlachta, leading to the Latin expression ''gente Ruthenus, natione Polonus'' or ''gente Rutheni, natione Poloni'' (translated as "of Polish nationality, but Ruthenian origin",〔 "of Ruthenia race and Polish nation",〔 or in various similar veins), although the extent to which they retained and maintained this separate identity is still debated by scholars, and varied based on time and place.〔〔 Eventually, following the Union of Lublin in 1569, most of the territories of Ruthenia became part of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.〔 The transfer of Ruthenian lands from the Grand Duchy to Poland occurred with a strong support of the Ruthenian nobility, who were attracted to the Polish culture and desired the privileges of the Polish nobility.〔 Thus the Ruthenian nobility gravitated from the Lithuanian noble tradition towards the Polish noble one, described by Stone as a change from "wealth without legal rights" to "defined individual and corporate rights".〔 The Lithuanian, Polish and Ruthenian nobility gradually became more and more unified, particularly with regards to their standing as a socio-political class.〔〔 By the 19th and 20th centuries, the Ruthenian nobility became so heavily polonized, that the eventual national resurgence of Belarus and Ukraine was mostly spurred by the growing national consciousness of the new middle class, rather than of the nobility.〔 Some of the major Ruthenian noble families (all of which became polonized to a significant extent) included the Czartoryski family, Ostrogski family, Sanguszko family, Sapieha, Wiśniowiecki family, Zasławski family and the Zbaraski family.〔 ==History== Ruthenian nobility were usually of Eastern Slavic origin from incorporated lands of principalities of former Kievan Rus and Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia into Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Kingdom of Poland, which mostly compromise today's Ukraine and Belarus. After incorporation of the Baltic nobility of Lithuania Propria actively adopted Ruthenian culture, language and traditions. The Lithuanian higher nobility largely embraced Slavic customs and Orthodox Christianity.Much of the upper class of the Grand Duchy called themselves Lithuanians (Litviny), yet spoke the Ruthenian language (also referred to as Old Ruthenian language)〔 〕〔 〕〔"The son of Gediminas, the Grand Prince Olgerd () expanded the Ruthenian lands he inherited from his father: he attached the Polish lands to his state expelling the Tatars out. The Ruthenian lands under his sovereignty were divided between princes. However, Olgerd, the person of a strong character, controlled them. In Kyiv, he installed his son, Vladimir, who started the new line of Kiev princes that reigned there for over a century and called commonly the Olelkoviches, from Olelko, Aleksandr Vladimirovich, the grand-son of Olgerd. Olgerd himself, married twice the Ruthenian princesses, allowed his sons to baptize into Ruthenian religion and, as the Ruthenian Chronicles speak, had himself baptized and died as a monk. As such, the princes that replaced the St. Vladimir's () line in Ruthenia, became as Ruthenian by religion and by the ethnicity they adopted, as the princes of the line that preceded them. The Lithuanian state was called Lithuania, but of course it was purely Ruthenian and would have remained Ruthenian if only the successor of Olgerd in the Great Princehood, the Jagiello wouldn't have married in 1386 to the Polish queen Jadwiga" Nikolay Kostomarov, ''Russian History in Biographies of its main figures'', section ''(Knyaz Kostantin Konstantinovich Ostrozhsky )'' (Konstanty Wasyl Ostrogski)〕 In the effect of the processes, Lithuanian higher nobility became largely Ruthenian,〔"Within the () Grand Duchy, the Ruthenian lands initially retained considerable autonomy. The pagan Lithuanians themselves were increasingly converting to Orthodoxy and assimilating into Ruthenian culture. The grand duchy's administrative practices and legal system drew heavily on Ruthenian customs, and Ruthenian (Old Belarusian) became the official state language. Direct Polish rule in Ukraine since the 1340s and for two centuries thereafter was limited to Galicia. There, changes in such areas as administration, law, and land tenure proceeded more rapidly than in Ukrainian territories under Lithuania. However, Lithuania itself was soon drawn into the orbit of Poland." from ''Ukraine''. (2006). In Encyclopædia Britannica.〕 while the lesser nobility in the ethnic Baltic lands of what is now Republic of Lithuania continued to use native spoken Lithuanian language. The adapted Old Church Slavonic and later the Ruthenian language, acquired a status of a main chancery language in the local matters and relations with other Orthodox principalities as ''lingua franca'', and Latin was used in relations with the Western Europe.〔 Zigmas Zinkevičius (The Problem of a Slavonic Language as a Chancery Language in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania )〕 It is estimated that by the 16th century 80% of feudals on Belarusian lands were of Ruthenian ethnicity and 19% of Baltic.〔 No major conflicts between Ruthenian and Baltic szlachta of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania are known. Equality of their rights was also guaranteed by the Lithuanian Statutes of 1529, 1566 and 1588. As time passed, the differences between Lithuanian and Ruthenian fractions of the nobility of the inside the Grand Duchy of Lithuania practically disappeared. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ruthenian nobility」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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